Below are written materials for my presentation on October 25, 2024 (six articles total). Suing…
Changes to USCIS “public charge” determinations and use of the Form I-864
*This article is now outdated*
After this article was published, USCIS formally announced new rules for public charge determinations. Find an updated article about those changes here.
USCIS is considering major changes to how it makes “public charge” determinations. The scope of these potential changes, while not yet official, is evident from drafts of federal regulations that were leaked in April 2018.
U.S. law has long required that immigrants demonstrate that they have adequate financial support – that is, that they not be likely to become a drain on public resource. Yet in family-based immigration cases the focus has traditionally been on the U.S. citizen petitioner. The petitioner – and, if needed, an additional U.S. citizen or resident – files a Form I-864, Affidavit of Support, guaranteeing to provide a financial safety net for the new immigrant. Where the Form I-864 is properly filed and the petitioner’s income is adequate, that historically resolved the issue of “public charge” inadmissibility.
Not any more.
USCIS will now assert the authority to look far beyond the Affidavit of Support to determine whether an immigrant is likely to be self-sufficient. Essentially, the focus now shifts from U.S. petitioner and the Affidavit of Support and over to the intending immigrant. The Affidavit of Support is still required, but it’s basically only the starting point.
The main changes to “public charge” rules.
1 – “Public charge” = likely to receive “public benefits” as newly defined.
USCIS has created a new definition of “public charge,” which is now means a person who is likely to receive “public benefits.” In turn, USCIS has vastly broadened the definition of programs that qualify as “public benefits” for this purpose.
A public charge means an alien who uses or receives one or more public benefits as defined in paragraph (d) of this section. An alien inadmissible based on the public charge ground means an alien who is likely at any time to use or receive one or more public benefits.
Proposed rules, pg. 204 (proposed as 8 C.F.R. § 212.21(a)).
Before panicking, note that these changes will apply only to those accepting these benefits in the future – from the date these rules become final. In other words, an immigrant would not be penalized for previously accepting these benefits.
The following programs now qualify as “public benefits:”
- SSI;
- TANF;
- State/local “general assistance” (cash payments);
- Medicaid (except for emergency Medicaid).
- “Government subsidized healthcare,” including under the ACA (“Obamacare“);
- SNAP/Food Stamps;
- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP, SCHIP);
- Federally-funded housing assistance.
- Means-tested energy benefits such as the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP);
- Institutionalization for both long-term and short-term care at government expense;
- Refundable income tax credits including the earned income tax credit when a refund was issued (but other, non-refundable tax credits are not included in this rule);
- “Any other Federal public benefits for purposes of maintaining the applicant’s income, such as public cash assistance for income maintenance.”
Programs not qualifying as public benefits include:
- Public education;
- Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance benefits;
- Veteran’s benefits;
- Government pension benefits;
- Government employee health insurance;
- Government employee transportation benefits;
- Unemployment benefits;
- Worker’s compensation;
- Medicare benefits, unless the premiums are partially or fully paid by a government agency; and
- State disability insurance.
Also, USCIS will consider the immigrant’s household size. In short, the agency finds that larger households are more likely to receive public benefits than smaller ones. Households of five or more are especially suspect under the proposed rules. For purpose of these determinations, “dependents” means:
(i) A person listed as a dependent on the alien’s most recent tax return;
(ii) Any other person whom the alien is legally required to support; or
(iii) Any other person who lives with the alien, and who is being cared for or provided for by the alien, and benefits from but does not contribute to the alien’s income or financial resources, to the extent such person is not claimed on the alien’s tax return.Proposed rules, pg. 204 (proposed as 8 C.F.R. § 212.21(b)).
There is a “de minimis” exception for families who receive only limited benefits under one of the qualifying programs:
DHS proposes to exclude public benefits received where the total annual value in any 1 year does not exceed 3 percent of the total FPG threshold based on the household size. For example, for a family of four, this amount (based on 2018 FPL) would equal to approximately $753 annually or approximately $63 monthly.
Proposed rules, pg. 108
2 – Totality of circumstance test and heavily-weighted factors.
USCIS will now look far beyond valid Affidavits of Support to consider the “totality of circumstances” as to whether an individual is likely to become a public charge. The basic factors to be considered are in the statute itself: age; health; family status; assets, resources, and financial status; education and skills; and any other relevant considerations. But USCIS has new interpretations of these factors, most importantly specific “heavily weighted” considerations.
- Unemployment. If USCIS determines that a work-capable applicant is “authorized to work, but is unable to demonstrate current employment, and has no employment history or no reasonable
prospect of future employment. An exception would be, for instance, if the individual was wealthy enough not to need to work. - Receipt of public benefits in past 3 years. Public benefits are those programs listed above.
- Any medical condition without unsubsiduzed healthcare. This could be any Class A or Class B condition identified in the medical examination.
- Previous public charge finding.
USCIS also identifies heavily-weighted positive factors that would militate in favor of overcoming public charge concerns.
(i) The alien has financial assets, resources, and support of at least 250 percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines; [or](ii) The alien is authorized to work and is currently employed with an annual income of at least 250 percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines…
Proposed rules, pg. 209
Obviously the clearest case will be where the intending immigrant has U.S. -based income at or above 125% FPG. But how should we interpret use of the word “support” in the first subsection above. Since the term is different from “assets” or “resources” it seems reasonable to interpret it to mean support from a Form I-864 sponsor. So would it constitute a “heavily weighted” positive factor if a sponsor’s income was at/above 125% FPG?
USCIS will promulgate a new form, the Form I-944, for use in public charge determinations. It will collect information used to assess the factors above. For what it’s worth, USCIS believes the I-944 will be easier to complete than the Form I-864 (taking 4.5 versus 6 hours).
3 – Public charge surety bonds.
The immigration agencies have long had the authority to require immigrants to post bonds to overcome public charge inadmissibility. Basically, if the agency believes a person may not have the ability to be self-sufficient she may be required to pay for a bond to serve as a security. Historically these have virtually never been required. The proposed regulations suggest that USCIS may become more likely to require surety bonds. Back in 1996, Congress looked to the Form I-864 as a way to create a legally binding way to ensure that visa petitioners would serve as the safety net for new immigrants. Basically, it looks like USCIS is now looking to rely on surety bonds as a different way to provide that safeguard.
Bond amounts will be a minimum of $10,000 and top out at about $23,000. An immigrant will have to get permission from USCIS to submit a bond and USCIS claims there will be no ability to appeal the bond amount. A new Form I-945 will be used for this purpose. The bond remains in effect until the immigrant naturalizes, permanently departs the United States, or dies, or until the bond is substituted with another bond.
4 – Other developments.
- Elimination of the Form I-864W. The Form I-864W is currently used for immigrants who are exempt from the requirement of filing a Form I-864. USCIS proposes to eliminate the Form I-864W and use information on the Form I-485 to determine if an applicant is exempt from the I-864 requirement.
- Change of status, extension now examined. Applicants to change their non-immigrant (temporary) status or extend a non-immigrant status will now be screened for public charge inadmissibility.
- Removal procedures. The draft rules show that USCIS is in consultation with DOJ about rule relating to the treatment of applicants found to be inadmissible on public charge grounds. Given the removal priority memoranda, it is likely that USCIS will formalize rules for referring individuals to ICE after they are determined to be inadmissible on public charge grounds.
So which form would this be on then? We clearly aren’t required to fill out the I-864 since he has met the requirement to be exempt. But I can’t seem to find what form the embassy will need in place of this since we are not filing through the US but through direct consular filing.
We always prepare the new Public Charge Questionnaire, even where not required by the consulate – available here.
Wondered if you had any updates on how those who were eligible for the I-864W now would file? We are doing direct consular filing through London. My husband earned over the 40 credit quarters when he lived with me in the US. Do we know how this works now that they are discontinuing the I-864W? There is mention of the I-485 capturing the information, but that is for doing AOS from the US.
Hi, there. Now this data is collected on the public charge sheet. But USCIS isn’t updating the I-864W any longer.
Hi Greg,a quick question: I became a legal resident on August 2018, I lived in the USA mostly illegally for 11 years, 1992 to 2003, And accrued 30 work credits Now I am 61 years old and to be honest, I don’t feel healthy (or Strong enough) to work a lot, I am driving a rental car for rideshare, my Sister as a US citizen, signed the I-864 form, what kind of benefits can I apply for without affecting my future citizenship petition? ,without risking to become a public charge and without putting my sister,the petitioner at risk? Thanks.
Hi, Bill. The article linked in this post covers the full list under the pending USCIS rules. There is no definitive list that applies to consular cases in the state department.
I know that Medicaid has always been a public benefit, but is the government subsidized health care a new addition that will take effect mid 2019, or has it always been there?
Fortunately no – subsidized healthcare under the ACA is not considered a public benefit under the proposed USCIS rules.
Hi. I just submitted affidavit support docs and all other income related docs. So do we still have to go through i944 form or it will be waived for us?
The proposed rules were published only today and likely won’t take effect until mid-2019. Right now there’s no I-944 form in existence. But stay tuned as you could later be asked for this.
Hello, I am a green card holder and will apply for naturalization this year, but I received medicaid for pregnancy from October 2017 to June 2018, and my American citizen child also received Medicaid from January to December 2018. May I ask if this will affect my parents who apply for overseas immigration to the United States in 2019?
No – your receipt of Medicaid shouldn’t impact your parent’s visa applications. The rules are also supposed to *not* be retroactive.
I have filed a green card for my mother, USCIS has moved her case to NVC but NVC has not begun yet.
As per current rule, I was going to submit I-864, and other supporting financial documents. Do I need to submit any other documents?
Fortunately, I have never used any public benefits and can also show income
above 250% of FPG.
My mother’s age is 63 and her English proficiency is not that good.
Would this new rule affect her?
Thanks.
The USCIS rule won’t apply to a consular case; but the FAM has new guidance that is similar. You may later be asked to provide additional evidence of how you plan to support your mother, but this has been different on a consulate-by-consulate basis.
Thank you.
Does this new rule effect Employment based 485 which are already filed.
Will it affect people with very bad credit.
Yes and yes. All adjustment applicants are subject to public charge rules. And credit score is a factor that specifically can be considered.
Hi there, I am going to file my ROC application in January 2019. I have not used public benefits but I am not employed and am dependent on my husband who makes over 250% of the poverty level for the household of 2. I was wondering if these new public charge rules about the self sufficiency of the immigrant would impact removal of conditions applicants? Thank you.
ROC application?
These new rules haven’t taken effect, but even under the new rules it would be a “heavily weighted” positive factor to have a sponsor at/above 250% FPG.
Thank you for clarifying. I am the USC and we petitioned my wife for K1 visa and now for AOS and our interview date is October 2018. I am getting health insurance from ACA with little bit tax credit and I added my wife to my insurance. With this recent change is my wife will be considered as a public charge because I am using tax credit on ACA and is it going to affect our AOS process? If yes Should I drop her from my insurance?
Thank you..
Under newly pending DHS regulations – disclosed just this last weekend – neither ACA healthcare not the tax credit would be a basis for a public charge finding.
Hi Greg.
Does this new rule affect the green card holder who is seeking to remove condition on green card and I-751 is already in process ? ( have used medical which has classified as public charge in new ruling)
Good question. No, an I-751 is not an application for admission. But be very careful to answer truthfully any questions about public benefit use or that will really come back to haunt you.
Hi Greg,
Does this new rule will affect even if a immigrant’s child who is U.S. citizen uses Medicaid.
Thanks
Ashok, the guidance in the DHS announcement is that Medicaid use by U.S. citizen children will not count towards as a public charge issue. That’s good news.
Thank you for the quick positive news.
Do you believe these changes might affect immigration seeking candidates who have paid their visa fees and are currently working on their DS 260 applications and I-864 forms?
Hi, Muhammad. These, no. But there are separate regulations (the Foreign Affairs Manual) that definitely apply to a DS-260 applicant. Those rules are similar to the ones here and are in full effect. Applicants are getting very close review for public charge issues based on the “totality of circumstances” standard.
Actually, your information on this article about what is considered “public charge” is wrong. Here is what is mentioned in USCIS website as things NOT to be consistent as public charge: (https://www.uscis.gov/greencard/public-charge)
“Non-cash benefits (other than institutionalization for long-term care) are generally not taken into account for purposes of a public charge determination.
Special-purpose cash assistance is also generally not taken into account for purposes of public charge determination.
Non-cash or special-purpose cash benefits are generally supplemental in nature and do not make a person primarily dependent on the government for subsistence. Therefore, past, current, or future receipt of these benefits do not impact a public charge determination. Non-cash or special purpose cash benefits that are not considered for public charge purposes include:
Medicaid and other health insurance and health services (including public assistance for immunizations and for testing and treatment of symptoms of communicable diseases; use of health clinics, short-term rehabilitation services, and emergency medical services) other than support for long-term institutional care
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
Nutrition programs, including Food Stamps, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Program, and other supplementary and emergency food assistance programs
Housing benefits
Child care services
Energy assistance, such as the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
Emergency disaster relief
Foster care and adoption assistance
Educational assistance (such as attending public school), including benefits under the Head Start Act and aid for elementary, secondary, or higher education
Job training programs
In-kind, community-based programs, services, or assistance (such as soup kitchens, crisis counseling and intervention, and short-term shelter)
State and local programs that are similar to the federal programs listed above are also generally not considered for public charge purposes. Please be aware that states may adopt different names for the same or similar publicly funded programs. It is the underlying nature of the program, not the name adopted in a particular state, which determines whether or not it should be considered for public charge purposes. In California, for example, Medicaid is called “Medi-Cal” and CHIP is called “Healthy Families.” These benefits are not considered for public charge purposes.
In addition, and consistent with existing practice, cash payments that have been earned, such as Title II Social Security benefits, government pensions, and veterans’ benefits, among other forms of earned benefits, do not support a public charge determination. Unemployment compensation is also not considered for public charge purposes.”
Hi, Shaya. This post is about changes to the public charge rules. Hence the title.
The provisions discussed here haven’t taken effect – indeed, the APA notice/comment period hasn’t even been announced. This is based on leaked copies of drafts secured in April 2018. This article discusses changes that, based on available information, may be coming our way. It was part of a national webinar today that I gave to the American Immigration Lawyers Association.
Any idea when these proposed changes may take place?
Negative. There have been two drafts leaked. The one I reviewed looks very, very far along. But the first we’ll officially see of it will be the notice/comment proposal. That’ll be the first signal of potential timeline.